COP30: THE BELÉM CLIMATE SUMMIT
Outcomes and Mandates
30th Session of
the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (CMA 7, CMP 20)
Belém, Brazil | 10–21 November
2025
Introduction
The 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) convened in Belém, Brazil, from 10–21 November 2025, marking the 10th anniversary of the Paris Agreement. This critical session served as a global cooperation platform mandated to intensify international efforts, align Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with the 1.5°C temperature goal, and address the implementation gap following the Global Stocktake.
Negotiations focused on translating these commitments into verifiable pathways, prioritizing mechanisms for finance, adaptation, and just transition required under the UNFCCC framework. Key proceedings integrated the latest scientific findings from the IPCC, reinforcing the evidence-based foundation of the final political outcomes adopted in Belém.
Executive Summary: Key Points
Global 1.5°C Commitment
A global agreement was secured to maintain the 1.5°C temperature limit within reach, despite acknowledged shortfalls in current collective NDC ambition.
$1.3 Trillion Roadmap
The Baku to Belém Roadmap was confirmed, establishing the mobilization of at least **USD 1.3 trillion** annually in climate finance for developing countries by 2035.
Tripled Adaptation Finance
Parties agreed to a new political commitment to triple global adaptation finance by 2035 under the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG).
EU NDC Submission
The European Union (EU) submitted its new NDC, committing to a net greenhouse gas emission reduction of 66.25% to 72.5% below 1990 levels by 2035.
Carbon Pricing Declaration
An international declaration was adopted to boost the recognition of carbon pricing and market mechanisms as essential tools for global climate action.
Tropical Forest Facility
The Tropical Forest Forever Facility was launched to reward the conservation of tropical forests, emphasizing the role of nature-based solutions.
Factual Overview
COP30 served as the primary intergovernmental forum for climate action, convening under the mandate of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. The core objective was the acceleration of commitments identified in the inaugural Global Stocktake (GST) outcome from COP28. The proceedings focused on finalizing operational details of finance, adaptation, and the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF).
The governing process saw a high degree of integration between science and policy. The IPCC, in partnership with the WMO, maintained a continuous presence to ensure that negotiation outcomes were grounded in the latest scientific evidence regarding impacts, vulnerability, and the 1.5°C trajectory.
Governance was conducted through consultative groups addressing key pillars: mitigation, adaptation, finance, just transition, and technology. The host country, Brazil, emphasized Indigenous Peoples' insights and launched dedicated mechanisms for forest protection, reflecting the conference’s location near the Amazon.
Why It Matters
COP30 addressed the urgent requirement to align global climate action with the 1.5°C goal. With 2024 confirmed as the warmest year on record, the conference served to accelerate finance, close the ambition gap in NDCs, and secure real-world implementation pathways for adaptation and mitigation, reinforcing global resilience and stability.
Key Institutional Outcomes
The COP concluded with the adoption of the Mutirão Decision text (Belém Political Package), setting out collective action plans for implementation.
Finance & Mitigation
- ▪ The Baku to Belém Roadmap established five priority action fronts (the 5Rs) to mobilize capital towards the $1.3 trillion annual goal.
- ▪ The EU reinforced its commitment to the COP28 pledges to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030.
- ▪ The Belém Health Action Plan was launched to strengthen global health systems against climate impacts.
Adaptation & Social
- ▪ Progress on National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) : 68 developing and 13 developed countries submitted plans.
- ▪ The Belém Action Mechanism (BAM) for Just Transition enhanced technical assistance with focus on human rights.
- ▪ Brazil established an Integrated Protection Task Force for children and adolescents during the conference.
Timeline of Key Milestones
Nov 6–7: World Leaders' Summit
Brazil launches the Tropical Forest Forever Facility, a key funding mechanism for conservation.
Nov 10: Official Opening
Official opening of COP30; IPCC Chair Jim Skea addresses the Plenary and the Earth Information Day.
Nov 12: Integrity Declaration
Countries seal a landmark declaration on Information Integrity to combat climate misinformation.
Nov 14: Finance Roadmap
IHLEG roundtable on its report, setting the analytical foundation for the $1.3 Trillion Roadmap.
Nov 20: Incident & Resumption
Fire incident in the Blue Zone; the venue is deemed safe by authorities and operations resume.
Nov 22: Conclusion
COP30 concludes with the adoption of the Belém Political Package and closing speech.